Our blockchain protocol audit is a detailed review of the code and systems that run blockchain networks to find and fix security vulnerabilities.
Layer 1 protocols
Swanchain
Stacks
Sei
Aptos
U2U
Tabichain
InitVerse
OORT
Morph
Layer 2 protocols
The implementation of transactions on a blockchain involves construction, signature verification, and execution logic.
• Transaction Format : Ensuring that transaction structures adhere to protocol standards to prevent parsing vulnerabilities.
• Signature Verification : Checking cryptographic signature correctness to prevent replay attacks and unauthorized modifications.
• Gas Calculation : Verifying that gas computations are accurate to avoid denial-of service (DoS) vulnerabilities due to miscalculations.
• State Transitions : Reviewing post-execution state changes to ensure consistency and prevent unauthorized balance modifications.
Secure and well-structured data storage is critical for blockchain efficiency and correctness.
• Block Headers and Transaction Structures : Ensuring all hash-linked structures comply with protocol rules to prevent hash collisions or truncation attacks.
• Account Storage Mechanism : Reviewing UTXO models or account-based storage to ensure data integrity and prevent unauthorized access.
• State Tree Integrity : Validating the implementation of Merkle Trees, Patricia Tries, and other state structures to ensure consistency and security.
• Hash Computations : Examining hashing functions to prevent weak cryptographic implementations and unsafe random number generators.
The bootstrap process determines how nodes initialize and synchronize blockchain data.
• Genesis Block Review : Ensuring that the genesis block initialization parameters are correct and free from hidden pre-mining or backdoor vulnerabilities.
• Node Synchronization Mechanisms : Evaluating how nodes download and validate new blocks to prevent data synchronization errors or malicious node tampering.
• Consensus Initialization Checks : Analyzing PoW, PoS, and DPoS initialization logic to avoid issues that could lead to consensus failures or chain splits.
• Bootstrap Nodes Review : Examining the bootstrapping node list to prevent centralization risks and ensure a robust peer-to-peer discovery process.
The mempool (transaction pool) manages unconfirmed transactions and is a common attack vector.
• Transaction Prioritization Mechanisms : Evaluating priority rules to mitigate Miner Extractable Value (MEV) abuse and front-running attacks.
• Spam Transaction Filtering : Assessing mempool filtering mechanisms to prevent low-cost DoS attacks that could clog the network.
• Double-Spending Protection : Verifying how the blockchain handles competing transactions to prevent consensus issues due to double-spending.
• Transaction Propagation Strategy : Analyzing how transactions are broadcast in the peer-to-peer network to ensure security and consistency.
The peer-to-peer (P2P) layer is essential for decentralized communication and is a primary target for network-level attacks.
• Sybil Attacks : Preventing adversaries from creating multiple fake identities to manipulate network operations.
• Eclipse Attacks : Identifying vulnerabilities that allow attackers to isolate a node from the rest of the network.
• Denial-of-Service (DoS) Attacks : Evaluating resilience against network spam that could degrade performance.
• BGP Hijack Attacks : Checking for risks where attackers manipulate internet routing to intercept blockchain traffic.
• Timejacking : Ensuring secure timestamp synchronization to prevent malicious block creation.
Strong cryptographic implementations are fundamental to blockchain security.
• Cryptographic Attacks : Identifying weaknesses in hash functions, digital signatures, and key exchange mechanisms.
• Private Key Prediction : Ensuring randomness in key generation to prevent brute force attacks.
• Length Extension Attacks : Reviewing cryptographic integrity to avoid exploitation of hash function vulnerabilities.
The execution environment for smart contracts plays a critical role in blockchain security.
• Opcode-Level Analysis : Reviewing the execution of smart contracts at the bytecode level to detect unintended behaviors or vulnerabilities.
• Gas Efficiency and Resource Management : Identifying inefficiencies that could lead to excessive gas consumption or unintended reversion of transactions.
• Isolation and Sandboxing : Ensuring that smart contract execution is properly isolated to prevent unauthorized memory access or state corruption.
• Execution Flow and Reentrancy Risks : Examining smart contract call structures to mitigate reentrancy attacks and unexpected state modifications.
• Cross-Chain and Layer 2 Interoperability : Assessing interactions with Layer 2 solutions and cross-chain bridges to prevent replay attacks, liquidity drains, or contract inconsistencies.
We discuss your project’s business logic, security needs, and objectives to tailor the audit accordingly.
We provide a detailed quote with the expected timeline, cost, and payment terms for the audit.
We begin the audit by analyzing your code and protocols, keeping you updated throughout the process.
We provide a comprehensive report with findings and fix recommendations.
We offer ongoing support after deployment to address any issues and ensure the system’s continued security.
We focus on cyber Security and Threat Detection and Response, and provide industry-leading Cyber Security Solutions, which can completely cover all cyber security requirements of all kinds application scenarios.
